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References
Most of these references where used to create the original printed version of Modeling Sailing Warships of the 18th and 19th Centuries for Wargaming, which is the basis for the Modeling Sailing Ships section here.
Technical References
The following books and articles provide detailed information regarding how ships of the subject period were structured and built. Most also include notable other historical information.
Archibald, E. H. H.; The Fighting Ship of the Royal Navy, 897-1984; Military Press, New York, New York, 1987.
Bouffard, Captain E. N., USN(R); "Among the Best," Naval History, February 1994 (Volume 8, Number 1). Included in this article about the painter Guillermo G. de Aledo, are a painting of the ships under Columbus (with excellent views of their lateen rigged mizzen masts), and a painting of the Spanish ship of the line Most Holy Trinity1.
Brownlee, Walter; The Navy That Beat Napoleon; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1980. A small book containing excellent information. It is the only reference the author found with a drawing of rigged boarding nets.
Chapelle, Howard I.; The History of American Sailing Ships; Bonanza Books, New York, New York. An excellent book, but with far too much fine detail for the needs of modelers in the scales included herein.
Chapelle, Howard I.; The History of the American Sailing Navy; Bonanza Books, New York, New York. Another excellent book with incredible details, far beyond the needs of small scale modelers.
Cheevers, James W.; "The Decks He Walked," Naval History, Fall 1988 (Volume 2, Number 4). This uses the paintings of William Gilkerson to depict the ships of John Paul Jones.
Gardiner, Robert (Ed.); The Line of Battle, the Sailing Warship 1650-1840, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1994. This book may be the single best reference for ships of war in the period covered. The ten page Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations in the back of the book alone makes the book an asset to any modeler. The dust jacket also includes a picture by Mark Myers depicting Sir Edward Hawke's fleet at Spithead. In this picture are numerous accurately portrayed lateen rigged mizzenmasts.
Harbron, John D.; Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy; Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1988. In addition to its fine pictures, this book provides a view of a major period navy other than the Royal Navy. It is also one of the few sources for diagrams which include lateen sails.
Hogg, Ian, and Batchelor, John; Naval Gun; Blandford Press Limited, Dorset, England, 1978. This contains a few good pictures and drawings (USS Constitution and HMS Victory).
Hough, Richard; A History of Fighting Ships; Octopus Books Limited, London, England, 1875. An adequate overview, but lacking in details for the modeler.
Hourigan, Lieutenant P. W., USN; Manual of Seamanship for the Officer of the Deck, Ship Under Sail Alone; (1903 Edition) Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1981. A reprint of the U.S. Navy's 1903 manual for handling ships using sails.
Hubinger, Bert; "Melbourne Smith," Naval History, Spring 1993 (Volume 7, Number 31). This article, about an "artist, designer, and builder of craft from the past," includes some excellent drawings plus pictures of modern versions of period ships, notably the USS Niagara, Commodore Perry's flagship at the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813.
Kinnaman, Stephen C.; "Inside the Alabama," Naval History, Summer 1990 (Volume 4, Number 3). Although the subject is an American Civil War Confederate warship, the sailing ship drawings are excellent references.
Lavery, Brian; Nelson's Navy, the Ships, Men and Organization 1793-1815; Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1989. This contains more information about the Royal Navy than anyone would normally ever want to know.
Lee, James; The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War 1625-1860; Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1984. Obviously, just a little too much data for the typical modeler or wargamer, but otherwise an excellent source of information.
Martin, Commander Ty, USN(R); "Salty Talk," Naval History, February 1994 (Volume 8, Number 1). A brief discussion of sail nomenclature.
Martin, Commander Tyrone G., USN(R), and Roach, Commander John C., USNR; "Humphrey's Real Innovation," Naval History, April 1994 (Volume 8, Number 2). Masefield, John; Sea Life in Nelson's Time; Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1971.
Miller, Russell, and The Editors of Time-Life Books; The East Indiamen, The Seafarers series; Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, 1980. Tucker, Spencer C.; "The Navy Discovers Shore Bombardment," Naval History, October 1994 (Volume 8, Number 5).
van Deventer, V. P.; "Dutch Vessels at Kamperduin," Miniature Wargames, December 1997 (No. 175).
Historical References
The following books provide information regarding the use of the ships of the subject period. They may also secondarily include some technical details. The articles from the United States Naval Institute's Naval History magazine are particularly notable for their excellent pictures. Even without their text, the articles would be a major asset to any modeler.
Barrow, Andrew; "The Honourable East India Company at Sea," Miniature Wargames, March 1994, Number 130.
Fioravanzo, Giuseppe; A History of Naval Tactical Thought; Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1979. A tolerable history book which contains a general overview of naval tactics through the ages; but a book sadly inaccurate in many of its technical details.2
Gruppe, Henry E., and The Editors of Time-Life Books; The Frigates, The Seafarers series; Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, 1979.
Henderson, James; The Frigates; Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc., New York, New York, 1971.
Langton, Rod; "The Siege of Toulon, 1793," Miniature Wargames, June 1995, Number 145. This article is notable for the large color pictures of the 1:1200 scale diorama the author constructed to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the siege.
Mahan, A. T.; The Influence Of Seapower Upon History 1660-1783; The Easton Press, Norwalk, Connecticut, 1989. This is less about the "influence" of seapower than its history in the period covered. Although somewhat dated, it is still considered to be one of the primary works on this period.
Moore, Richard; Napoleonic Guide, The Naval War; http://www.napoleonguide.com/navyind.htm, 1999. An interesting site on Napoleonic Warfare, although somewhat light on the naval side of the war.
Mosher, Bill; "John Stobart," Naval History, Spring 1992 (Volume 6, Number 1). This presents a number of nautical paintings by John Stobart.
Naval Regulations, 1802; Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1970.
Palmer, Michael A.; "Anglo-American Naval Cooperation, 1798-1801," Naval History, Summer 1990 (Volume 4, Number 3). In addition to discussing at-sea interactions, the article notes the large amount of naval stores and equipment acquired from Great Britain by the United States.3
Pope, Dudley; Decision at Trafalgar, The Easton Press, Norwalk, Connecticut, 1989. While this book contains a good general discussion of the campaign and battle, the most important aspect is the book's descriptions of specific events from the points of view of the individuals involved.
Pivka, Otto von; Navies of the Napoleonic Era; Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, New York, 1980. This book is a requirement for anyone interested in understanding the navies, the ships, and the battles of this period.
Talbott, J. E.; "Copper, Salt, and the Worm," Naval History, Winter 1989 (Volume 3, Number 1). This deals with the Royal Navy's introduction of copper sheathing for the bottoms of ships.
Walker, Major Grant H., USA(R); "New Light Shed Below-Decks," Naval History, April 1995 (Volume 9, Number 2). This article includes a color picture of the port quarter of a highly detailed dockyard model of a frigate from the late 18th century.
Waters, Captain John M., USCG(R); "Marshals of the Seas," Naval History, Summer 1990 (Volume 4, Number 3). While a nice general history of the Coast Guard, the article is notable for the outstandingly detailed painting of the Massachusetts (the first revenue cutter) on the first page.
Whipple, A. B. C., and The Editors of Time-Life Books; Fighting Sail; The Seafarers series; Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, 1978. A good general information book on the ships of the period.
Modeling References
Greg, Thomas M.; War Flags, http://tmg110.tripod.com/warflags.htm, 2008. Useful information, but not always an easy site to navigate
Haas, Irvin; America's Historic Ships Replicas & Restorations; Arco Publishing Company, Inc., New York, New York, 1975.
Johnson, Gene; Ship Model Building (3rd ed.); Cornell Maritime Press, Inc., Cambridge, Maryland, 1961.
Kai's Age of Sail Page, http://www.larsonweb.com/Transfer/Miniatures/Sail/SailHomePage.htm, 2008.
Longridge, C. Nepean; The Anatomy of Nelson's Ships; Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1981. This book is about how to construct a model of the HMS Victory. It is also an excellent general reference for the detailed parts of a sailing warship, but it is well beyond the needs of a small scale modeler.
Palma de Mallorca, Miguel Costa Simôn; Painting of Napoleonic Spanish Ships; http://naval.histofig.com/Painting-of-Napoleonic-Spanish.html, 2008.
Trochim, Ray; Painting and Assembling 1:1200 Scale Napoleonic Ships; http://www.larsonweb.com/Transfer/Miniatures/Sail/NAPSHIPS.htm, 2008. This appears at a number of locations on the web, and in a number of forms of apparently varying ages. A usable reference, although most of the information is very general. The information for the painting of individual ships usually fails to identify when the ship had the indicated colors; an important piece of information.
Game References
Adlem, Martin J.; Simple Napoleonic Naval Rules, presented in Miniature Wargames, February, 1996, Number 153.
Arneson, Gygax, Carr; Don't Give Up The Ship, Guidon Games, 1972.
Bartlett, John; S.W.A.B. Two, presented in Miniature Wargames, June, 1994, Number 81. A cute game, of little historical value.
Birnie, Steve; Action Under Sail (2nd ed.), 1977.
Birnie, Steve; Micro Fleet Napoleonic Naval, Tabletop Games, 1978.
Dunn, P.; Sea Battle Games; Model and Allied Publications Limited, Hertfordshire, England, 1974.
Edwards, B. L. T., and McKenzie, W. E.; Navwar Navel Wargame Rules for the Napoleonic Wars 1793-1815 (2nd ed.), Navwar Productions Limited, 1975.
Fry, Phill; Fire as She Bears (2nd Ed.) Starboard Tack Press, 2003.
Hague, Paul; Sea Battles in Miniature, a Guide to in Miniature Wargames; Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1980.
Price, Timothy McCoy; S.W.A.B., The Scuppers Were Awash With Blood!, presented in Miniature Wargames, February, 1993, Number 65. A cute game, of little historical value.
Trafalgar Warhammer Historical, Games Workshop, 2009. A possible game for introducing players to sailing wargames, but it has serious problems and often completely unhistorical results.
Williams, Jon; Heart of Oak, Fantasy Games Unlimited, 1983. Although this game has a number of technical problems and limitations, it has a good combination of playability and acceptable accuracy.
Wooden Ships & Iron Men (2nd ed.), Avalon Hill, Inc., 1981. This game claims to be historical, but utterly fails to even slightly simulate the subject matter. It is, at best, a fantasy game with a historical setting.
Movies
Although Hollywood has shown an almost unbelievable ability to mess up simple technical details in movies, there are a few movies which provide adequate information regarding the details of sailing ships, and especially sailing warships. While everything in the following movies must be taken with large grains of salt, the painting and structural details of the ships are good references for a modeler.
Also, as a warning; avoid ever using the "swashbuckler" movies (ex. Captain Blood, The Sea Hawk, etc.) as sources of information. While they are fine stories, one must wonder if any of the people involved in the making of these movies ever even saw a real sailing ship in their lives.
Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N., Warner Brothers, 1951.
Damn The Defiant, Columbia Pictures Corporation, 1962.
Hornblower: Loyalty, Meridian Broadcasting, 2003.
Hornblower: Mutiny, Meridian Broadcasting, 2001.
Hornblower: Retribution, Meridian Broadcasting, 2001.
Hornblower: The Duchess and the Devil, A&E Television Networks, 1998.
Hornblower: The Even Chance, A&E Television Networks, 1998.
Hornblower: The Examination for Lieutenant, A&E Television Networks, 1998.
Hornblower: The Frogs and the Lobsters, Meridian Broadcasting, 1999.
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, Twentieth Century Fox, 2003.
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